Non-invasive, real-time stress measurement: Vocalization compared with thermal imaging in kittens of the domestic cat in response to social separation.

Finding tools to assess the stress response which can be easily applied, are non-invasive, reliable and measured in real time is still a relevant topic in many areas of biology. Vocal characteristics and temperature of certain body areas have been suggested to reflect HPA axis and ANS activation. We hypothesized that changes in vocalizations and peripheral body temperature will show the magnitude of the stress response, and that the change in these will covary. Our aim was to measure the change in vocal characteristics and eye and nasal temperature of kittens (n = 43 from nine litters of seven mixed-breed mothers) during a potentially stressful event and to test how these correlated. We found change in several vocal and thermal parameters during a short social separation. Our findings indicate that arousal due to ANS activation in kittens of the domestic cat resulted in an increasing number of vocalisations of longer duration and higher intensity, and in lower and a wider range in fundamental frequency. Calls also became less tonal with more jitter. Change in temperature was generally negative in the lacrimal caruncle as well as in the rhinarium, but with great variance across individuals. Change in eye temperature positively correlated with the intensity of the calls and the change in nose temperature positively correlated with the change in call length. The results suggest the continued difficulty in interpreting both physiological and behavioural data to assess an individual´s stress response.

Social closeness modulates brain dynamics during trust anticipation.

Anticipation of trust from someone with high social closeness is expected. However, if there is uncertainty in the interaction because a person is a stranger or because he has distrusted us on another occasion, we need to keep track of his behavior and intentions. Using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) we wanted to find the brain regions related to trust anticipation from partners who differ in their level of social closeness. We designed an experiment in which 30 participants played an adapted trust game with three trustors: A computer, a stranger, and a real friend. We covertly manipulated their decisions in the game, so they trusted 75% of the trials and distrusted in remaining trials. Using a psychophysiological interaction analysis, we found increases in functional coupling between the anterior insula (AIns) and intra parietal sulcus (IPS) during trust anticipation between a high versus low social closeness partner. Also, the right parietal cortex was coupled with the fusiform gyrus (FG) and the inferior/middle temporal gyrus during trust anticipation of a friend versus a stranger. These results suggest that brain regions involved in encoding the intentions of others are recruited during trust anticipation from a friend compared to a stranger.

Sleep hygiene practices in patients with major depression with comorbid insomnia, primary insomnia, and good sleepers / Prácticas de higiene de sueño en pacientes con depresión mayor con insomnio comórbido, insomnio primario y buenos durmientes

Abstract Introduction Inadequate sleep hygiene (SH) is considered factor contributing to insomnia. However, the practice of SH by depressed patients with comorbid insomnia has not been explored. Objective We aimed to compare the practice of SH between patients with major depression, comorbid insomnia, primary insomnia, and good sleepers. Method One hundred and eighty-two adult individuals participated: 62 outpatients with major depressive disorder with comorbid insomnia (MDD), 56 outpatients with primary insomnia (PI), and 64 good sleepers (GS). All participants were assessed with a structured psychiatric interview, an insomnia interview, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, the Insomnia Severity Index, and the Sleep Hygiene Practice Scale. We compared the practice of SH as a whole and by domains between the groups and the relation between SH practice, insomnia, and sleep quality. Results Patients with PI and MDD showed a significantly worse practice of global SH. In the comparison by SH domains, MDD and PI groups had significantly worse scores than GS in all domains. Individuals with MDD showed a significantly worse practice of sleep schedule and arousal related behaviors than PI group. Although, SH practice was significantly related with insomnia and sleep quality in the whole sample, this association remained significant only in the PI. The arousal-related behaviors domain was the main predictor of insomnia and sleep quality. Discussion and conclusion Although patients with insomnia comorbid with MDD or with PI have a worse SH practice than GS, only arousal-related behaviors and drinking/eating habits contribute significantly to insomnia severity and sleep quality.

Resumen Introducción Una inadecuada higiene de sueño (HS) se considera como un factor que contribuye al insomnio, incluido el insomnio comórbido con trastornos mentales. Sin embargo, no se ha estudiado la práctica de HS en pacientes con depresión e insomnio comórbido. Objetivo Comparar la práctica de HS entre pacientes con depresión mayor con insomnio comórbido, insomnio primario y buenos durmientes. Método Participaron 182 individuos: 62 pacientes ambulatorios con trastorno depresivo mayor con insomnio comórbido (TDM), 56 pacientes con insomnio primario (IP) y 64 buenos durmientes (BD). A todos se les realizó una entrevista psiquiátrica estructurada, una entrevista sobre insomnio, el Índice de Calidad de Sueño de Pittsburgh, el Índice de Severidad de Insomnio y la Escala de Prácticas de Higiene de Sueño. Comparamos la práctica de HS tanto global como por dominios entre los grupos, y la relación entre la práctica de HS, el insomnio y la calidad de sueño. Resultados Los pacientes con IP y con TDM mostraron una práctica global de la HS significativamente peor. En la comparación por dominios, los grupos con TDM e IP alcanzaron peores calificaciones que los BD en todos. La práctica de HS se relacionó significativamente con el insomnio y calidad de sueño en la muestra total, sin embargo, solamente en el grupo con IP se mantuvo significativa. El dominio de conductas relacionadas con el alertamiento fue el principal predictor de insomnio y calidad de sueño. Discusión y conclusión Aunque los pacientes con insomnio comórbido con TDM o con IP tienen peores hábitos de HS que los BD, solamente las conductas relacionadas con el alertamiento y los hábitos de alimentación contribuyen significativamente a la gravedad del insomnio y calidad de sueño.

Facial and Vocal Expressions During Clinical Interviews Suggest an Emotional Modulation Paradox in Borderline Personality Disorder: An Explorative Study.

Videotape recordings obtained during an initial and conventional psychiatric interview were used to assess possible emotional differences in facial expressions and acoustic parameters of the voice between Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) female patients and matched controls. The incidence of seven basic emotion expressions, emotional valence, heart rate, and vocal frequency (f0), and intensity (dB) of the discourse adjectives and interjections were determined through the application of computational software to the visual (FaceReader) and sound (PRAAT) tracks of the videotape recordings. The extensive data obtained were analyzed by three statistical strategies: linear multilevel modeling, correlation matrices, and exploratory network analysis. In comparison with healthy controls, BPD patients express a third less sadness and show a higher number of positive correlations (14 vs. 8) and a cluster of related nodes among the prosodic parameters and the facial expressions of anger, disgust, and contempt. In contrast, control subjects showed negative or null correlations between such facial expressions and prosodic parameters. It seems feasible that BPD patients restrain the facial expression of specific emotions in an attempt to achieve social acceptance. Moreover, the confluence of prosodic and facial expressions of negative emotions reflects a sympathetic activation which is opposed to the social engagement system. Such BPD imbalance reflects an emotional alteration and a dysfunctional behavioral strategy that may constitute a useful biobehavioral indicator of the severity and clinical course of the disorder. This face/voice/heart rate emotional expression assessment (EMEX) may be used in the search for reliable biobehavioral correlates of other psychopathological conditions.

Lunar periodic modulation of the circadian activity rhythm in a wild North Colombian night monkey (Aotus griseimembra).

South American night monkeys (genus Aotus) are the only nocturnal simian primates. Early activity recordings in North Colombian A. griseimembra monkeys kept under semi-natural conditions and extensive chronobiological studies carried out in laboratory settings revealed a strictly nocturnal behavior and strong activity enhancing (disinhibiting) effects of moonlight or corresponding luminosities during the dark time. To check whether the results from captive individuals correspond to the behavior of wild monkeys, we carried out long-term activity recordings of a wild female A. griseimembra in a tropical rainforest near San Juan de Carare, Northern Colombia. Our data from about 150 days of continuous activity records with an "Actiwatch Mini" (CamNtech, UK) accelerometer-data logger device, confirmed: (1) strictly nocturnal behavior, (2) a pronounced bimodal activity pattern with prominent peaks during dusk and dawn, and (3) a lunar periodic modulation (masking) of the night monkey's circadian activity rhythm due to distinct activity inhibiting effects of the absence of moonlight throughout the night. The results from this wild-living tropical night monkey are consistent with those from captive conspecifics studied decades earlier.

Brain Connectivity in Ateles geoffroyi: Resting-State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Working Memory and Executive Control.

The objective of this research was to describe the organization and connectivity of the working memory (WM) and executive control (EC) networks in Ateles geoffroyi in resting-state conditions. Recent studies have shown that resting-state activity may underlie rudimentary brain functioning, showing that several brain regions can be tonically active at rest, maximizing the efficiency of information transfer while preserving a low physical connection cost. Whole-brain resting-state images were acquired from three healthy adult Ateles monkeys (2 females, 1 male; mean age 10.5 ± SD 2.5 years). Data were analyzed with independent component analysis, and results were grouped together using the GIFT software. The present study compared the EC and WM networks obtained with human data and with results found in the literature in other primate species. Nine resting-state networks were found, which were similar to resting networks found in healthy human adults in the prefrontal basal portion and frontopolar area. Additionally, components of the WM network were found to be extending into the hypothalamus and the olfactory areas. A key finding was the discovery of connections in the WM and EC networks to the hypothalamus, the motor cortex, and the entorhinal cortex, suggesting that information is integrated from larger brain areas. The correlated areas suggest that many elements of WM and EC may be conserved across primate species. Characterization of these networks in resting-state conditions in nonhuman primate brains is a fundamental prerequisite for understanding of the neural bases underlying the evolution and function of this cognitive system.

Changes in facial emotion expression during a psychotherapeutic intervention for patients with borderline personality disorder.

Emotional dysregulation is one of the main features of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). Therefore, it constitutes a central therapeutic objective of the interventions that have proven to be effective for these patients, including the Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT). However, benefits on emotional regulation have been evaluated through self-report instruments, and an anatomically based, objective, and precise measurement of the ability to change the type, duration and frequency of emotions is still needed. OBJECTIVE: To assess facial emotion expression, valence and arousal during an ACT based intervention, between initial, middle and final therapeutic sessions for BPD patients. METHOD: Using the FaceReader 7.0, 29 recordings of individual therapeutic sessions for BPD patients during an ACT intervention trial were analyzed. RESULTS: Happiness and fear intensity increase from the beginning to the end of the sessions, while sadness decreases. Emotional valence exhibits a significant decrease in its negative value during sessions from -0.13 (S.D. = 0.12) at the initial part of the sessions to -0.06 (S.D. = 0.08) by the end of the sessions, with a moderate effect size (Cohen d = 0.69). Emotional arousal increased from the beginning to the end of sessions and whole intervention. CONCLUSION: The emotional valence and arousal differed according to the psychotherapeutically process involved during ACT intervention, suggesting that the systematic analysis of facial expressions allows a rigorously examination of the relations between emotions, physiological processes, and instrumental behavior experimented though a psychotherapeutically process.

Diel and infradian (7-day) activity rhythms in Mexican spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) kept with and without visitor contact.

Diel activity rhythms in mammals are regulated by an endogenous (circadian) timing system which is synchronized by environmental 24-hr periodicities called zeitgebers. Additional direct responses to stochastic environmental factors ensure the fine-tuning to the actual situation and may mask the circadian time course. Following an observational study on behavioral effects of visitor activities in a group of spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) kept free-ranging on a small island of Lake Catemaco, Veracruz, Mexico, we analyzed the effect of weekly varying numbers of visiting tourist boats on the monkeys' diel activity rhythm. With small accelerometer-data logger devices we recorded the monkeys' locomotor activity continuously for several months each. Then we compared the data with those from spider monkeys living without tourist contact. Neither the duration of the monkeys' activity time (α) nor its phase relationship to the 24-hr solar day did change on different weekdays in either site. However, their activity level showed a clear 7-day rhythm. The monkeys of the tourist site showed highest activity on Saturday and Sunday, when the frequency of visiting tourist boats was highest, whereas those of the non-tourist site were least active on Sunday and Monday, when human activities were lowest there. While the monkeys of the non-tourist site usually displayed a distinct bimodal activity pattern peaking in the morning and late afternoon, the pattern in those of the tourist site mostly lacked a morning peak and varied more over time. Based on our results, we suggest that circadian entrainment is not involved in the differences between the diel activity rhythms of the spider monkeys from the two keeping sites and the differing 7-day variation in their activity level. Rather, these differences seemingly reflect direct responses to the differing human activities and thus may correspond to circadian masking effects.

Facial Emotion Recognition and Empathy in Employees at a Juvenile Detention Center.

Numerous studies have shown that emotion recognition is impaired in individuals with a history of violent offenses, especially in those diagnosed with psychopathy. However, in criminological contexts, there is insufficient research regarding the role of empathy and facial emotion recognition abilities of personnel employed in correction centers. Accordingly, we sought to explore facial emotion recognition abilities and empathy in administrative officers and security guards at a center for institutionalized juvenile offenders. One hundred twenty-two Mexican subjects, including both men and women, were recruited for the study. Sixty-three subjects were administrative officers, and 59 subjects were security guards at a juvenile detention center. Tasks included "Pictures of Facial Affect" and the "Cambridge Behavior Scale." The results showed that group and gender had an independent effect on emotion recognition abilities, with no significant interaction between the two variables. Specifically, administrative officers showed higher empathy than security guards. Moreover, women in general exhibited more empathy than men. This study provides initial evidence of the need to study emotion recognition and empathy among professionals working in forensic settings or criminological contexts.

Visitor effect on the behavior of a group of spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) maintained at an island in Lake Catemaco, Veracruz/Mexico.

We analyzed the effect of human visitors on the behavior of a group of spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) kept on a small tourist island. Although the spider monkey is a common species in zoos, there are very few specific studies on visitor effects on these monkeys. We conducted behavioral observations on the group of spider monkeys to evaluate the effect of visitors. We also used actimetry devices to measure the variations in the spider monkeys' locomotor activity associated with human presence. With regard to the effect on behavior, we found an increase in self-directed behaviors and a decrease in vocalization, both associated with human presence. Moreover, our results suggest that when people feed monkeys, there is an increase in agonistic behaviors. On the other hand, we found that changes in activity levels in response to human presence vary among individuals. We conclude that changes in spider monkeys' behavior could provide evidence of the negative effect of visitors in our study conditions. Although we discuss the differences in activity levels due to differences in social position, further research is required this topic. Our results can be used to inform management plans for this species in captivity. Improving this relationship between humans and non-human primates through tourism education programs would benefit ecotourism and therefore species conservation programs.

Reconocimiento facial de expresión emocional: diferencias por licenciaturas / Facial affect recognition: Differences among university careers

Resumen El reconocimiento facial de la expresión emocional es la capacidad de todos los individuos de reconocer formas básicas de expresión afectiva, la cual aparece en los rostros de las personas. Investigaciones previas sugieren que existen diferencias en el reconocimiento facial de la expresión emocional entre carreras universitarias, sin embargo, hay pocos estudios en México, y es por ello que el objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar estas diferencias en estudiantes universitarios. Se utilizaron 70 imágenes del Facial Expressions of Emotion-Stimuli and Test. Para determinar las diferencias por carrera se llevó a cabo un análisis de varianza simple con pruebas post hoc de Tukey, obteniendo diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el reconocimiento facial de la tristeza, el asco y el enojo.

Abstract Facial affect recognition is the capacity of every person to recognize basic forms of affective expression, which appears at human faces. Previous research suggests that facial affect recognition differences between university careers exist. There are few studies at Mexico that assess these. The purpose of this study was to determine career differences among university studies. To assess the variable 70 images from the Facial Expression of Emotion- Stimuli and Test were used. To determine career differences a single factor analysis of variance with Tukey post hoc test was made, obtaining statistically significant differences at facial affect recognition of sadness, disgust and angry emotions.

Tractography of the spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi) corpus callosum using diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging.

The objective of this research was to describe the organization, connectivity and microstructure of the corpus callosum of the spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi). Non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion-tensor imaging were obtained from three subjects using a 3T Philips scanner. We hypothesized that the arrangement of fibers in spider monkeys would be similar to that observed in other non-human primates. A repeated measure (n = 3) of fractional anisotropy values was obtained of each subject and for each callosal subdivision. Measurements of the diffusion properties of corpus callosum fibers exhibited a similar pattern to those reported in the literature for humans and chimpanzees. No statistical difference was reached when comparing this parameter between the different CC regions (p = 0.066). The highest fractional anisotropy values corresponded to regions projecting from the corpus callosum to the posterior cortical association areas, premotor and supplementary motor cortices. The lowest fractional anisotropy corresponded to projections to motor and sensory cortical areas. Analyses indicated that approximately 57% of the fibers projects to the frontal cortex and 43% to the post-central cortex. While this study had a small sample size, the results provided important information concerning the organization of the corpus callosum in spider monkeys.

Estudio de traducción y validez del Sistema de Codificación Etológica para Entrevistas ECSI (Ethological Coding System for Interviews) / Study of the application and validation of the Ethological Coding System for Interviews (ECSI)

Antecedentes El diagnóstico psicoterapéutico se fundamenta en exploraciones verbales y/o pruebas psicológicas. En contraste, a menudo se descuida la relevancia de la comunicación no-verbal. El objetivo del presente artículo es aportar una herramienta para medir y evaluar conductas no-verbales en entrevistas clínicas, basado en el Ethological Coding System for Interviews (ECSI), desarrollado por Troisi (1999), el cual se tradujo y validó en español. Un etograma es un catálogo de conductas o patrones conductuales, operacionalizados y agrupados en categorías, como afiliación, evasión, asertividad, relajación, entre otras. Método Estudio 1. El etograma ECSI fue traducido al español. Tres observadores "ciegos" registraron las frecuencias de los patrones conductuales del paciente. Los registros se realizaron en intervalos de 15 segundos durante los primeros y últimos 10 minutos de la entrevista clínica. Se obtuvo una validez interobservador de r=0.989, p<0.001. Estudio 2. Con base en el primer estudio se consideró pertinente agregar patrones conductuales, así como reacomodar y redefinir las categorías propuestas. Los tres observadores realizaron el mismo procedimiento que en el estudio 1 con una segunda videograbación. Además de las frecuencias de las conductas observadas, se midió la duración de la conducta. Se obtuvo una validez interobservadores de r=0.993, p<0.001. Resultados y discusión Se probó que el ECSI es una herramienta confiable y válida para examinar la conducta no-verbal de pacientes durante entrevistas. Se espera que el ECSI se pueda incluir al proceso diagnóstico durante las sesiones psicoterapéuticas.

Background Psychotherapeutic diagnosis is largely based on verbal explorations and/or psychological tests. In contrast, the relevance of non-verbal communication is often disregarded. Here, we aim to provide a tool to measure and assess non-verbal behavior in clinical interviews, based on the Ethological Coding System for Interviews (ECSI), developed by Troisi (1999), which was translated and validated in Spanish. An ethogram is a catalogue of behaviours or patterns of behaviour, which are operationalized and grouped in categories such as affiliation, flight, assertiveness, relaxation and so forth. Method Study 1. The ECSI was translated into Spanish. Three "blind" observers registered the frequencies of the behavioral patterns of the patient. The recordings were made in 15 seconds intervals during the first and the last 10 minutes of a clinical interview. An inter-observer reliability of r=0.989, p<0.001 was obtained. Study 2. Based on the first study, it was considered pertinent to add behavioral patterns, as well as rearranging and redefining the proposed categories. The three "blind" observers performed the same task as in study 1 with a second video-recording. Aside from the frequency of the observed behaviours, the duration of the behavior was measured. An inter-observer reliability of r=0.993, p<0.001 was obtained. Results and discussion The ECSI has proven a reliable and valid tool for the examination of patients' nonverbal behaviour during interviews. It is hoped that the ECSI can be added to the diagnostic process during psychotherapeutic sessions.

Efecto del enriquecimiento ambiental en un grupo de monos araña (Ateles geoffroyi) en cautiverio / Effect of environmental enrichment in a group of captive spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi)

Los animales que viven en cautiverio padecen problemas relacionados con el estrés y la falta de estimulación. El enriquecimiento ambiental (EA) proporciona a los animales en esta situación un conjunto de actividades que los alienta a presentar conductas típicas de su especie. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar el efecto de un programa de EA en la conducta de una colonia de siete monos araña (Ateles geoffroyi). Se esperaba que la agresión, la coprofilia y las estereotipias fueran menos frecuentes entre los monos, mientras que la exploración y el juego se presentaran con mayor frecuencia. Para ello, la investigación se dividió en dos etapas: una etapa previa al EA y una etapa durante el EA. En cada etapa se registraron las siguientes categorías conductuales: agresión, coprofilia, estereotipias, exploración y juego. Se utilizó un muestreo focal por conducta en registros continuos de 1 hr., obteniéndose en cada etapa 40 hrs. de observación. Al comparar la frecuencia de dichas conductas con la prueba de los signos de Wilcoxon, se encontró que la agresión, las estereotipias y la coprofilia disminuyeron durante el EA. La exploración y el juego se incrementaron significativamente con el EA. No se observaron diferencias significativas al comparar el sexo de los individuos. El EA disminuye los problemas causados por el confinamiento, por lo que debe contemplarse como una herramienta indispensable que de manera constante mejore las condiciones de vida en individuos confinados.

Captive animals suffer from stress and lack of stimulation. Environmental enrichment (EE) provides them with a series of activities that encourages them to present species-specific behaviors. The objective of this work was to analyze the effect of an EE program in the behavior of a 7-spider monkey colony. It was expected that aggression, coprophilia and stereotypes would be less frequent, while exploration and play would increase. The study was divided in two stages: one previous to EE and one while EE was being implemented. A focal sampling per behavior was undertaken in 1-h continuous recordings for a total of 40 hours per stage. We compared the frequency of each behavior with a Wilcoxon's signal test. The results showed that aggression, stereotypes and coprophilia were reduced during EE, while exploration and play increased significantly. No significant differences were found between sexes. EE reduces the problems originated by confinement; therefore, it must be considered a necessary tool to be continuously employed to make an improvement into the life conditions of confined individuals.

Effects of housing conditions and season on the activity rhythm of spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) kept under natural conditions within their distributional range in Central Mexico.

The timing and pattern of mammalian behavioral activities are regulated by an evolutionary optimized interplay of the genetically based biological (circadian) clock located in the brain's suprachiasmatic nuclei and direct responses to environmental factors that superimpose and thus mask the clock-mediated effects, the most important of which is the photically induced phase-setting (synchronization) of the circadian rhythmicity to the 24-hour solar day. In wild and captive animals living under the natural conditions prevailing in their habitat, to date, only a few attempts have been made to analyze the role of these two regulatory mechanisms in the species' adaptation to the time structure prevailing in their habitat. We studied the impact of housing conditions and season on the daily timing and pattern of activity in Mexican spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi). To this end, we carried out long-term activity recordings with Actiwatch® AW4 accelerometer/data-logger devices in 11 adult Ateles living under identical natural lighting and climatic conditions in either a large wire netting cage or a 0.25 ha forest enclosure in the primatological field station of Veracruz State University near Catemaco, Mexico. In a gravid female in the forest enclosure, we obtained first-hand information on the effect of late pregnancy and parturition on the monkey's activity rhythm. The Ateles behaved strictly diurnal and undertook about 90% of daily total activity during this activity time. Due to a higher second activity peak in late afternoon, the bimodal activity pattern was more pronounced in monkeys living in the forest enclosure. Although the spider monkeys kept there had an earlier activity onset and morning activity peak than their conspecifics in the cage, no consistent differences were found in the parameters characterizing the phase-setting of the circadian system to the environmental 24-h periodicity, either by comparison or correlation with the external time markers of sunrise (SR) and sunset (SS). The most obvious effect of late pregnancy, parturition and lactation was a distinct reduction of the activity level during the week of parturition and the next. Seasonal variations in the form of significant differences between the long-day summer half year and the short-day winter half year were established in the phase-angle differences of the morning activity peak to SR, in the evening activity peak and activity offset to SS, as well as in the activity time and the peak-to-peak interval, but not in the phase position of activity onset to SR or in the height of the morning and evening activity peak. These findings in combination with a high variability of the phase angle differences indicate that in A. geoffroyi, a relatively weak circadian component and strong masking direct effects of environmental factors are involved in the regulation of the daily activity rhythm.

Recognition of facial expression of the emotions and their relation to attachment styles and psychiatric symptoms: Preliminary study on Psychiatric Residents / Reconocimiento de la expresión facial de las emociones y su relación con estilos de apego y síntomas psiquiátricos: Estudio preliminar en Residentes de Psiquiatría

Facial expressions of emotion reveal complex mental states that have physiological correlates and signal internal states such as distress to others and are thus crucial in social interaction. In this preliminary study, we therefore sought to examine the link between current psychiatric symptoms and attachment styles in psychiatry residents and their ability to correctly identify facial expressions of emotions. Specifically, we hypothesized that greater current psychiatric symptoms and insecure attachment would be related to difficulties in deciphering facial expressions of negative emotions. A total of 56 psychiatry residents were included in the study, together with 50 university students pursuing careers unrelated to mental health. In order to evaluate the subjects' psychiatric symptoms, the Checklist (SCL-90) and Attachment Styles Questionnaire (ASQ) were used and in order to examine the ability to recognize facial expressions of emotion, we chose the Pictures of Facial Affect (POFA). All the respondents gave their informed consent in writing. The control group recognized fear significantly less as compared to psychiatry residents. Among psychiatry residents, there was a significantly positive correlation between hostility and fear recognition and anxiety and fear recognition. The same was observed between obsessive-compulsive symptoms and disgust recognition. In the control group, there was a significantly negative correlation between paranoid ideation and phobic anxiety with sadness recognition. In resident psychiatry, happiness recognition was positively related to an attachment-style based on confidence, while sadness recognition and surprise recognition correlated negatively with an attachment style based on considering relationships as being of secondary importance. This is one of the first studies to examine emotion recognition skills in medical professionals, and the association of this ability with psychiatric symptoms and attachment styles. We think it is important to observe longitudinally what the possible relevance of these findings might be for both diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic relationships.

La expresión facial de las emociones revela estados mentales complejos que tienen correlatos fisiológicos y señales de estados internos, como la angustia, y que son esenciales en la interacción social. En el presente estudio preliminar examinamos la asociación entre los síntomas psiquiátricos, los estilos de apego y la habilidad para reconocer correctamente la expresión facial de las emociones básicas, en residentes de psiquiatría de una institución de salud mental de México. La hipótesis es que los síntomas psiquiátricos y el estilo de apego inseguro pueden estar relacionados con una dificultad para descifrar la expresión facial de emociones negativas. Un total de 56 residentes de psiquiatría fueron incluidos en el estudio junto con 50 estudiantes universitarios de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, de carreras diferentes a las relacionadas con la salud mental. Se utilizaron los siguientes instrumentos: Los síntomas psiquiátricos se evaluaron con el SCL-90, traducido y validado al español, el Cuestionario de Estilos de Apego (ASQ) traducido y validado al español, y para el reconocimiento de la expresión facial de las emociones se usó el Instrumento de Ekman, denominado Pictures of Facial Affect (POFA). Previamente, todos los participantes dieron su consentimiento informado con la firma de aceptación para participar en el estudio. Los estudiantes del grupo control reconocieron menos el miedo que los residentes de psiquiatría. En los residentes hubo una correlación positiva entre la hostilidad y el reconocimiento del miedo y entre la ansiedad y el reconocimiento del miedo. Lo mismo se observó entre los síntomas obsesivos-compulsivos y el reconocimiento del disgusto. En el grupo control se encontró una correlación negativa entre la ideación paranoide y la ansiedad fóbica con el reconocimiento de la tristeza. En los residentes el reconocimiento de la felicidad se relacionó positivamente con el estilo de apego basado en la confianza, mientras que el reconocimiento del miedo y la sorpresa fueron negativamente relacionados con el estilo de apego basado en considerar las relaciones como secundarias. Este es un primer estudio que examina la habilidad de reconocer las emociones básicas en profesionales de la medicina que están siendo entrenados en la especialidad de psiquiatría, y la relación con síntomas psiquiátricos y estilos de apego. Consideramos importante el estudio de estos factores a lo largo de la formación, por la posible relevancia que estos hallazgos puedan tener para el adecuado diagnóstico y la relación terapéutica.

El lenguaje corporal de las pacientes con fobia social facilita la evaluación completa de la patología / The body language of social phobia patients enables a complete evaluation of the pathology

Una aproximación etológica hacia el estudio de los trastornos conductuales aporta información relevante acerca de aspectos funcionales de la conducta que caracteriza a ciertas entidades patológicas. El objetivo del presente estudio fue describir unidades conductuales no verbales, presentadas por un grupo de 14 mujeres con fobia social (FS) y un grupo control de 13 mujeres durante una entrevista clínica, y evaluar las posibles diferencias entre esos dos grupos. Las 19 unidades de conductas fueron seleccionados con el índice de concordancia ante los observadores tau de Kendall = 0.795 (p = 0.000). Las personas con FS apoyaron su forma de hablar con las manos y colocaron las manos sobre sus piernas, en comparación con las del grupo control, que no lo hicieron. Las personas con fobia social asintieron con la cabeza con más frecuencia, se tocan la cara, presionan sus labios, pasan la lengua por los labios y se tocan el pelo más frecuentemente que el grupo control. Se sugiere que una evaluación sistemática de la conducta no verbal puede ser importante para llevar a cabo una evaluación completa de los pacientes con FS en un entorno clínico, y que ello puede contribuir para evaluar la eficiencia en el tratamiento.

An ethological approach to the study of behavioral disorders provides key information on functionalaspects of behavior that characterize certain pathologies. The purpose of this study was to describe non-verbal behavioral units presented by a group of 14 women with social phobia (SP) and a control groupof 13 women during a clinical interview and to evaluate the possible differences between these twogroups. The 19 behavior units were selected with the index of concordance between the observers tauKendall = 0.795 (p = 0.000). People with SP supported the way they spoke with their hands and placedtheir hands on their legs, in comparison with the control group. People with SP nodded more often,touched their faces, pressed their lips, licked their lips and touched their hair more frequently than thecontrol group. The article suggests that a systematic evaluation of non-verbal behavior may be impor-tant in conducting a full evaluation of patients with SF in a clinical environment, and may contribute toevaluating the efficiency of the treatment.

El lenguaje corporal de las pacientes con fobia social facilita la evaluación completa de la patología / The body language of social phobia patients enables a complete evaluation of the pathology

Una aproximación etológica hacia el estudio de los trastornos conductuales aporta información relevante acerca de aspectos funcionales de la conducta que caracteriza a ciertas entidades patológicas. El objetivo del presente estudio fue describir unidades conductuales no verbales, presentadas por un grupo de 14 mujeres con fobia social (FS) y un grupo control de 13 mujeres durante una entrevista clínica, y evaluar las posibles diferencias entre esos dos grupos. Las 19 unidades de conductas fueron seleccionados con el índice de concordancia ante los observadores tau de Kendall = 0.795 (p = 0.000). Las personas con FS apoyaron su forma de hablar con las manos y colocaron las manos sobre sus piernas, en comparación con las del grupo control, que no lo hicieron. Las personas con fobia social asintieron con la cabeza con más frecuencia, se tocan la cara, presionan sus labios, pasan la lengua por los labios y se tocan el pelo más frecuentemente que el grupo control. Se sugiere que una evaluación sistemática de la conducta no verbal puede ser importante para llevar a cabo una evaluación completa de los pacientes con FS en un entorno clínico, y que ello puede contribuir para evaluar la eficiencia en el tratamiento. (AU)

An ethological approach to the study of behavioral disorders provides key information on functionalaspects of behavior that characterize certain pathologies. The purpose of this study was to describe non-verbal behavioral units presented by a group of 14 women with social phobia (SP) and a control groupof 13 women during a clinical interview and to evaluate the possible differences between these twogroups. The 19 behavior units were selected with the index of concordance between the observers tauKendall = 0.795 (p = 0.000). People with SP supported the way they spoke with their hands and placedtheir hands on their legs, in comparison with the control group. People with SP nodded more often,touched their faces, pressed their lips, licked their lips and touched their hair more frequently than thecontrol group. The article suggests that a systematic evaluation of non-verbal behavior may be impor-tant in conducting a full evaluation of patients with SF in a clinical environment, and may contribute toevaluating the efficiency of the treatment.(AU)

Sleep quality perception in youth population / Percepción de calidad de sueño en jóvenes / Percepção da qualidade do sono em jovens

Objective: to assess sleep habits and sleep quality perception in a Colombian and Mexican youth sample. Materials and methods: following a sleep diary methodology with a questionnaire of 27 categorical and quantitative items, the assessment was done immediately upon awakening. Results: it was applied to 317 high school (n= 189) and undergrads (n= 128) in Bogotá, Colombia (n= 197) and México City, México (n= 120); 147 females (46,4%) and 170 males (53,6%). The mean age was 18,6 ± 2,81 years with a median and mode of 17 years. The Cronbach's alpha obtained from 135 measurements during the study period was 0,86 and 0,57 from the mean values of 27 scale items. An inverse correlation was found between hours of sleep per night and number of naps (r=-0,12; p= 0,029); 38% of participants did not nap and slept on average 7,6 night hours or more (X2= 2,78; p= 0,047). The men took more naps than women (men 76,5%; women 55,6%; X2=15,26; p= 0,000). A reduction of hours of sleep per night and the need for naps was significantly associated with participants' gender. The mean and median hours of sleep per night (7,2 hours) was used to classify the population into two groups: sleep (+) 7,3 or more hours and sleep (-) 7,2 hours or less. These groups were compared. Conclusions: youth population evaluated showed a reduction of hours of sleep per night. This was associated to naps frequency and participant gender.

Objetivos: evaluar los hábitos y la percepción de la calidad de sueño en una muestra de jóvenes colombianos y mexicanos. Materiales y métodos: utilizando la metodología de diario de sueño se evalúa inmediatamente al despertar la calidad de sueño percibida con un cuestionario constituido por 27 reactivos categóricos y cuantitativos. Resultados: se evaluaron 317 estudiantes de bachillerato/preparatoria (n= 189) y de primeros semestres universitarios (n= 128) en Bogotá (n= 197) y en Ciudad de México (n= 120). De ellos, 147 fueron mujeres (46,4%) y 170 fueron hombres (53,6%). El promedio de edad fue 18,6 ± 28,1 años, con una mediana y una moda de 17 años. El alfa de Cronbach obtenido de 135 mediciones en el período de estudio fue 0,86 y 0,57 con los valores promedio de 27 reactivos. Hubo una correlación inversa entre las horas de sueño nocturno y las siestas (r= -0,12; p= 0,029). Un 38% de los participantes no hizo siestas y durmió en promedio 7,6 horas nocturnas o más (X²= 2,78; p= 0,047). Los hombres hicieron más siestas con un 76,5%, frente a un 55,6% de las mujeres; X²= 15,26; p= 0,000). Una reducción de las horas de sueño nocturno y la necesidad de tomar siestas estuvo significativamente asociada con el género de los participantes. El promedio y la mediana de horas de sueño nocturno (7,2 horas) se usó para clasificar la población en grupo de sueño (+) con 7,3 o más y grupo de sueño (-) con 7,2 o menos. Estos grupos fueron comparados. Conclusión: la población juvenil evaluada mostró una reducción en las horas de sueño nocturno, asociado con la frecuencia de siestas y el género de los participantes.

Objetivos: avaliar os hábitos ea percepção da qualidade do sono em uma amostra de jovens colombianos e mexicanos. Materiais e métodos: utilizando a metodologia diário do sono é avaliado imediatamente ao acordar, percebeu a qualidade do sono com um questionário composto por 27 reagentes categóricas e quantitativas. Resultados: foram avaliados 317 estudantes do ensino médio / alto (n= 189), e na faculdade no primeiro semestre (n= 128), em Bogotá, Colômbia (n= 197), e Cidade do México (n= 120). Destes, 147 eram mulheres (46,4%) e 170 homens (53,6%). A idade média foi de 18,6 ± 2,81 anos, com uma moda e mediana de 17 anos. Alfa de Cronbach obtido a partir de 135 medições no período do estudo foi de 0,86 e 0,57, com valores médios de 27 reagentes. Houve uma correlação inversa entre as horas de sono noturno e cochilos (r= -0,12; p= 0,029). 38% dos participantes não cochilo e dormia em média 7,6 horas da noite ou mais (X2= 2,78; p= 0,047). Os homens cochilavam mais (76,5% homens; 55,6% do sexo feminino; X2= 15,26; p= 0,000). A redução de horas de uma noite de sono e precisam tomar sestas foi significativamente associada com o gênero dos participantes. A média de horas e mediana de uma noite de sono (7,2 horas) foi usado para classificar a população em dois grupos, o sono (+) 7,3 ou mais horas, eo grupo do sono (-) 7,2 horas ou menos. Estes grupos foram comparados. Conclusões: a população de jovens testados apresentaram uma redução nas horas de sono por noite. Isto foi associado com a frequência de cochilos e gênero dos participantes.

Recording vocalizations with Bluetooth technology.

We propose a method for capturing vocalizations that is designed to avoid some of the limiting factors found in traditional bioacoustical methods, such as the impossibility of obtaining continuous long-term registers or analyzing amplitude due to the continuous change of distance between the subject and the position of the recording system. Using Bluetooth technology, vocalizations are captured and transmitted wirelessly into a receiving system without affecting the quality of the signal. The recordings of the proposed system were compared to those obtained as a reference, which were based on the coding of the signal with the so-called pulse-code modulation technique in WAV audio format without any compressing process. The evaluation showed p < .05 for the measured quantitative and qualitative parameters. We also describe how the transmitting system is encapsulated and fixed on the animal and a way to video record a spider monkey's behavior simultaneously with the audio recordings.